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Ramón Blanco Antero Rubín Valeriano Weyler Fermín Jáudenes | strength1 = Cuban Republic: 30,000 irregulars〔 United States: 300,000 regulars and volunteers〔 Philippine Republic: 60,000 | strength2 = Spanish Army: 278,447 regulars and militia〔 (Cuba), 10,005 regulars and militia〔 (Puerto Rico), 51,331 regulars and militia〔 (Philippines) | casualties1 = Cuban Republic: 10,665 dead〔 United States:〔 2,910 dead :: 345 from combat ::Army: 280 ::Navy: 16 ::Other: 49 :: 2,565 from disease 1,577 wounded ::Army: 1,509 ::Navy: 68 Philippine Republic: 30 killed 〔 Katipunan: Unknown〔 | casualties2 = Spanish Navy: : 560 dead, : 300–400 wounded〔 Spanish Army: : 3,000 dead or wounded : 6,700 captured,(Philippines) : 13,000 diseased〔 : 10,000 dead from combat〔Arriba España Twentieth-Century Spain Politics and Society in Spain, 1898–1998, Francisco J. Romero Salvadó, 1999, pg. 19, MacMillan Distribution Ltd, ISBN 0-333-71694-9〕 : 50,000 dead from disease〔(Cuba) | notes = }} The Spanish–American War ((スペイン語:Guerra hispano-estadounidense)) was a conflict in 1898 between Spain and the United States, the result of U.S. intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. U.S. attacks on Spain's Pacific possessions led to involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately to the Philippine–American War.〔Some recent historians prefer a broader title to encompass the fighting in Cuba and the Philippine Islands. ::examples: :: * :: * :: * :: * 〕 Revolts against Spanish rule had been occurring for some years in Cuba. There had been war scares before, as in the Virginius Affair in 1873. In the late 1890s, US public opinion was agitated by anti-Spanish propaganda led by journalists such as Joseph Pulitzer and William Hearst which used yellow journalism to criticize Spanish administration of Cuba. After the mysterious sinking of the US Navy battleship in Havana harbor, political pressures from the Democratic Party and certain industrialists pushed the administration of Republican President William McKinley into a war he had wished to avoid.〔.〕 Compromise was sought by Spain, but rejected by the United States which sent an ultimatum to Spain demanding it surrender control of Cuba. First Madrid, then Washington, formally declared war.〔.〕 Although the main issue was Cuban independence, the ten-week war was fought in both the Caribbean and the Pacific. US naval power proved decisive, allowing expeditionary forces to disembark in Cuba against a Spanish garrison already brought to its knees by nationwide Cuban insurgent attacks and further wasted by yellow fever.〔 states: "In the larger view, the Cuban insurrection had already brought the Spanish army to the brink of defeat. During three years of relentless war, the Cubans had destroyed railroad lines, bridges, and roads and paralyzed telegraph communications, making it all but impossible for the Spanish army to move across the island and between provinces. () Cubans had, moreover, inflicted countless thousands of casualties on Spanish soldiers and effectively driven Spanish units into beleaguered defensive concentrations in the cities, there to suffer the further debilitating effects of illness and hunger."〕 Numerically superior Cuban, Philippine, and US forces obtained the surrender of Santiago de Cuba and Manila despite the good performance of some Spanish infantry units and fierce fighting for positions such as San Juan Hill.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Military Book Reviews )〕 With two obsolete Spanish squadrons sunk in Santiago de Cuba and Manila Bay and a third, more modern fleet recalled home to protect the Spanish coasts, Madrid sued for peace.〔.〕 The result was the 1898 Treaty of Paris, negotiated on terms favorable to the US, which allowed it temporary control of Cuba, and ceded ownership of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippine islands. The cession of the Philippines involved payment of $20 million ($ today) to Spain by the US to cover infrastructure owned by Spain. The defeat and collapse of the Spanish Empire was a profound shock to Spain's national psyche, and provoked a thorough philosophical and artistic revaluation of Spanish society known as the Generation of '98.〔 The United States gained several island possessions spanning the globe and a rancorous new debate over the wisdom of expansionism.〔George C. Herring, ''From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign relations since 1776'' (2008) ch. 8〕 The war began exactly fifty-two years after the beginning of the Mexican–American War. It was one of only eleven US wars to have been formally declared by Congress.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=U.S. Senate: Official Declarations of War by Congress )〕 ==Historical background== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Spanish–American War」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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